WordPress
Logo
WordPress 6.4 Dashboard
WordPress-6.4-Dashboard
Basic Data
Developer WordPress Foundation
Release Year May 27, 2003
Current Version 6.9.1[1]
(February 3, 2026)
Operating System Microsoft Windows, Unix-like system
Programming language PHP[2][3], JavaScript[4]
Category Weblog software
License GNU General Public License, Version 2.0 or later[5]
German-speaking yes
de.wordpress.org

WordPress is a free Content Management System (CMS). It was started in 2003 by Matthew Mullenweg as software for weblogs programmed and is maintained as a Open Source-project that is continuously developed. WordPress is used by over 63% of all websites (as of May 2023) whose CMS is known, and is thus the most widely used system for their operation.[6] Of one million of the most visited websites, about one third use WordPress.[7]

In WordPress, every post can be assigned to freely creatable categories. Navigation elements are automatically generated appropriately. Furthermore, the system offers reader comments with the possibility to review them before publication, a management of user roles and permissions and the possibility of external plugins, with which WordPress can be expanded towards a full-fledged CMS.[8]

WordPress is based on the scripting language PHP (PHP 7.4 or higher is recommended) and requires a MySQL– or MariaDB-database.[9] It is free software that was licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPLv2). According to developer statements, the system places special emphasis on web standards, elegance, usability and ease of customization. WordPress originated based on the software b2.

History

In the years 2001/2002, Michel Valdrighi developed a web log system written in PHP with the name b2/cafelog, which was released under GPL. A few months after Valdrighi stopped the development of b2, Matthew Mullenweg announced in his blog in January 2003 that he wanted to write a new b2-codebase a new blog software to write that should be easy to use, flexible and well adaptable.[10] Shortly afterwards, he started the development of WordPress together with Mike Little.

The first stable version of WordPress appeared on January 3, 2004. From version 1.0.1 all major versions are named after Jazz musiciansnamed.[11] After Michel Valdrighi also joined the developer group around Mullenweg, WordPress became the official successor to b2.[12] Over the years the functionality continuously expanded. From version 1.5 (“Strayhorn”) WordPress supports managing static pages, i.e., posts outside the normal weblog chronology. This laid the foundation to use WordPress not only as pure weblog software, but also as a simple content management system.

In August 2005 founded Matt Mullenweg together with some other developers the company Automattic with the goal to offer further services around blogging and coordinate the development of WordPress better. In the same year started Automattic the blog hosting service WordPress.com, which is based on the Multi-User version of WordPress. A year later the first WordCamp, an informal meeting similar to a Barcamp, in San Francisco took place.[13]

WordPress Foundation

The WordPress Foundation with headquarters in San Francisco[14] was founded by Matt Mullenweg to support the development of WordPress. Chairman (Principal Officer) is Mullenweg himself. It is a non-profit organization under 501(c)(3). It has been commissioned by Automattic to protect the brands WordPress, WordCamp and others.[15]

In 2007, WordPress won the Open Source CMS Award in the category Best Open Source Social Networking Content Management System and in 2009 in the category Overall Best Open Source CMS.[16]

In 2014, WordPress was used on approximately 75 million websites.[17] In 2015, about a quarter of all websites were run with WordPress, followed by Joomla and Drupal each with a market share of about five percent.[18] The version 4.9 released in November had been downloaded approximately 136.6 million times by August 2018.[19] As of March 2022, according to W3techs, 64.9% of all websites created using a content management system are based on WordPress. This corresponds to a share of about 43.2% of all websites on the internet.[20]

Features

Basic Functions

WordPress is a content management platform that enables you to create and manage websites without extensive programming knowledge. The focus lies on a user-friendly interface for creating, editing, and publishing content, such as pages and posts. The system is suitable for both beginners and experienced developers to create various types of websites. WordPress originally started as blog software, so it still offers many related functions, for example categories, Tags and further self-defined Taxonomies (via „Custom Taxonomies“). Blog posts are also offered to readers via Web Feeds in the protocols RSS 2.0, RSS 0.92, RDF 1.0 and Atom 0.3 offered.[21] Besides posts for the blog, static pages are also created and managed, which form the framework for the permanent information of a website.

Since version 2.6, additionally the versioning supported by posts and pages. Furthermore, WordPress can manage comments. There exists a simple editorial system with five user roles (Administrator, Editor, Author, Contributor, Subscriber), a media gallery through which data can be uploaded, and an integrated full-text search. Additionally, it is standard TinyMCE as text editor activated. In December 2018, TinyMCE, a technology for text formatting, was replaced by the Gutenberg Block Editor. With the new editor, users no longer need CSS or HTML knowledge to design websites. Since the introduction of the Gutenberg Editor, there is also the possibility to display blog posts at any location in the content without having to use a plugin or a shortcode.

plugins

With the help of plugins can be used to expand WordPress with various functions. All these extensions can be edited using the built-in code editor.

In total, around 55,000 free plugins are available in the plugin directory as of October 2019.[22] There are for example plugins that enable the use of other login methods such as LDAP, OpenID or Shibboleth enable connecting your own blog with Twitter connect or expand WordPress with a statistics function.

Plugins are typically developed by third parties and can then be offered either in the official WordPress plugin directory or independently of it under certain guidelines.

Automattic also offers plugins that connect with other in-house projects such as the forum software named bbPress or services like the anti-spam service Akismet enable. Akismet is the only plugin that comes pre-installed as standard.

Themes

Hierarchy within a WordPress theme

The appearance of a website is determined in WordPress by Themes set. So design and core of WordPress are separated, allowing individual designs to be developed without being familiar with the programming of the software itself. However, it is also possible in WordPress to program diverse functions directly into a theme, thereby partially restoring this separation again.

Most themes consist of PHP-functions, HTML-code as well as CSS-Files and have a fundamentally similar structure. Therefore, there are special themes from some developers that already include all necessary elements and thus simplify the development of your own theme. Themes can be edited in the editor of the core system just like plugins, since version 4.9 it supports syntax highlighting and saving drafts supported.

From version 1.5 to 3.0 the default theme was Kubrick (named after director Stanley Kubrick). Since version 3.0 WordPress uses the new theme by default Twenty Ten (German for 2010), the previously included themes Classic and Default (Kubrick) are only available separately now. Since then, the annually released standard themes are named after the year of publication (i.e. Twenty Eleven, Twenty Twelve etc. up to currently Twenty Twenty-Four).[23][24][25][26] The future of the yearly themes was questioned in October 2021.[26] On the developers’ websites and via the built-in theme browser, many further themes for WordPress are also available. Themes fall under the GPL just like WordPress itself.[27]

Both for themes and plugins there are free and paid options. Free themes undergo an approval process by verified WordPress developers if they can be installed via the WordPress repository. Paid themes are instead only available from third parties and often offer additional features that are not included with free themes. To use WordPress, at least one installed theme is required.

Child Themes

WordPress offers the option, using Child Themes the design and functionality of an already installed theme (called Parent Theme) customize and expand without compromising update security. A child theme replaces individual code parts of the parent theme here. These changes are saved separately and not overwritten during updates of the parent theme.[28]

Block-based Themes

On January 25, 2022, Matt Mullenweg, the founder of WordPress, introduced the new version 5.9 „Joséphine“, with which a block-based theme was released for the first time as a standard theme.[29] The new architecture of these Themes is based on the Gutenberg Editor and enables the complete editing of all visual areas of the Theme via the Block Editor. These WordPress Themes contain templates that consist entirely of blocks, so that in addition to the content of various post types (Pages, Posts etc.) all other areas of the website can also be edited with the Block Editor, such as Header, Footer, Sidebars etc.[30] For this, it was Twenty Twenty-Two with „as little CSS as possible“ delivered and enables configuring all styles via the theme.json file.[31]

Versions

WordPress Core Version Release Name Release Notes
b2 0.70 — May 27, 2003 0.70 was almost identical to the last b2 version, but fixed some bugs. Only 0.71-gold is still available via the wordpress.org archive today.
WordPress 1 1.0 Davis January 3, 2004 First stable version
1.2 Mingus May 22, 2004 New features: Support for plugins
1.5 Strayhorn February 17, 2005 New features: Management of static pages, new template system.[32]
WordPress 2 2.0 Duke December 31, 2005 New features: various improvements in the area of Administration, Image import and Plugin integration[33] Should originally have been supported for 5 years with security updates. This plan was however abandoned in summer 2009.[34]
2.1 Ella January 22, 2007 New features: Autosave function, Upload Manager
2.2 Getz May 16, 2007 New features: Support for Widgets and the Atom-Feed format[35]
2.3 Dexter September 24, 2007 New features: native support for Tags (keywords), improved text editor[36]
2.5 Brecker March 29, 2008 New features: redesigned admin menu, tag management, „Dashboard Widgets“, improved Encryption for passwords[37]
2.6 Tyner July 15, 2008 New features: Versioning of articles and pages, support for Google Gears, Preview for Themes[38]
2.7 Coltrane December 10, 2008 New features: completely new admin interface, feature for automatic updates, simplified plugin installation from the admin menu[39]
2.8 Baker June 11, 2009 New features: simple installation of themes similar to plugins, new administration interface for widgets[40]
2.9 Carmen December 18, 2009 New features: Trash for posts, pages and comments; Image editing functions (Crop, Rotate, Flip)[41]
WordPress 3 3.0 Thelonious June 17, 2010 New features: merging of WordPress and WordPress µ, new default theme Twenty Ten, Editor for creating website menus[42]
3.1 Reinhardt February 23, 2011 New features: advanced Taxonomy-Queries, Admin bar (Toolbar in the frontend, through which you can access backend functions), Post Formats (article templates), easier internal linking[43]
3.2 Gershwin July 4, 2011 New features: a full-screen mode for the editor for ‘free writing’ is added, the look of the admin interface is changed, a new default theme (Twenty Eleven) is released. The system requirements are raised to PHP 5.2.4 and MySQL 5.0 raised and Internet Explorer 6 is no longer supported.[44]
3.3 Sonny December 12, 2011 New features: improved media uploader, improved navigation bar in the admin area[45]
3.4 Green June 13, 2012 New features: improvements to design functions (“Theme Customizer”), custom headers with flexible sizes, Twitter integration[46] and HTML in image descriptions[47][48]
3.5 Elvin December 11, 2012 New features: support for the , Retina Display, color picker tool, new default theme Twenty Twelve, simpler workflow for images, custom graphics for headers and footers[49]
3.6 Oscar August 1, 2013 New features: new theme Twenty Thirteen, Improvements in the admin area, improvements to the post format interface, improvements to the menu interface, revision updates, auto-save and post locking
3.7 Basie October 24, 2013 New features: automatic updates, weak password warning, better global support, new sorting logic for search results[50]
3.8 Parker December 12, 2013 New features: new design in the admin area, new default theme Twenty Fourteen, improved adjustments for various screen sizes and resolutions[51]
3.9 Smith 16. April 2014 New features: Update for visual editor (WYSIWYG), Drag-&-Drop function in the editor, playlists for videos and audios, improved theme browser, gallery preview in the editor
WordPress 4 4.0 Benny 4. September 2014[52] New features: additional Grid view for the media library as well as a filter by type, new design of plugin installation, language selection during the installation process, preview of embedded URLs in the visual editor, automatic resizing of the editor, widgets in their own Customizer panel, improved interaction with editor content[53][54]
4.1 Dinah 18 December 2014[55] New features: new default theme Twenty Fifteen,distraction-free writing, language setting can be changed at any time in settings, logging out from the blog possible from anywhere, embedding of hosted on Vine hosted videos, plugin suggestions based on used plugins, several improvements „under the hood“
4.2 Powell 23. April 2015[56] New features: simplified switching between already installed WordPress themes, new workflow for updating plugins, as these will be loaded in the background in the future,[57] Redesign of ‘Press This’, Simplification of parts of web content, Emoji support
4.3 Billie August 18, 2015[58] New features: safer pages through better passwords, Menu management and site icon in the Customizer, faster formatting in the editor via formatting shortcuts
4.4 Clifford December 8, 2015[59] New features: new default theme Twenty Sixteen, responsive images, embedding of posts
4.5 Coleman April 12, 2016 New features: Simplification of embedding internal links (‘Inline Link Dialog’), Incorporation of logos into the theme, Fixing minor security vulnerabilities[60]
4.6 Pepper August 16, 2016 New features: Theme and plugin updates without page change (‘Shiny Updates’), automatic detection of broken links, Saving drafts in the browser cache, Use of fonts installed on the user’s operating system in the backend (native fonts)[61]
4.7 Vaughan December 6, 2016 New features: new default theme Twenty Seventeen,User-specific language in the backend, Developers can more easily implement specific batch actions[62][63]
4.8 Evans June 8, 2017 Improvements: Media widgets and improvements to link editing in the editor
4.9 Tipton November 16, 2017 Improvements: Customizer with scheduling feature, simplified menu creation and sandbox for security during plugin or theme editing (fatal errors nearly impossible, as the previous version is restored instead of a white screen)[64]
WordPress 5 5.0 Bebo December 6, 2018 Improvements: a block-based editor,[65] Theme Twenty Nineteen[66]
5.1 Betty February 21, 2019 Improvements: Editor performance improvements, Site Health feature to improve security and speed.[67]
5.2 Jaco May 7, 2019 Improvements: Site Health Check to display website status, Recovery Mode for Fatal Errors in PHP
5.3 Kirk November 12, 2019[68] Improvements: Enhanced user interactions as well as a more user-friendly interface.
5.4 Adderley March 31, 2020[69] Improvements: new features and bug fixes in the block editor
5.5 Eckstine August 11, 2020[70] Improvements: Speed (lazy loading), Search engines (XML Sitemap) and Security (automatic updates for plugins and themes)
5.6 Simone December 8, 2020[71] Improvements: UI for automatic major updates, Accessibility Statement plugin, Application passwords (REST API authentication), Theme Twenty Twenty-One.
5.7 Esperanza March 9, 2021[72] Improvements: revised dashboard color palette, Gutenberg editor improvements, new Robots API[73]
5.8 Tatum July 20, 2021[74] Improvements: Block-based widget editor, display posts with new blocks and templates, template editor, color images with Duotone filter, Global Styles and Global Settings APIs via theme.json[75]
5.9 Joséphine January 25, 2022[76] Improvements: Full Site Editing, Theme Twenty Twenty-Two as first block theme. New typography tools, options for flexible layouts, integration of the new WordPress Template Directory.
WordPress 6 6.0 Arturo May 24, 2022[77] Improvements: Numerous improvements to writing in the Gutenberg Editor. Block-based themes receive an option for multiple style variants. Controls to lock blocks. Improved performance and accessibility enhancements.[78]
6.1 Misha November 1, 2022[79] Improvements: More templates in the Site Editor. Design tools for more consistency and control. Improvement of menu handling. Fluid Typography. Numerous improvements in the Block Editor.
6.2 Dolphy March 29, 2023[80] Improvements: Standard themes load Google Fonts locally, import of widgets from Classic themes to Block themes, improved Navigation block, easier switching between templates and template parts.
6.3 Lionel August 9, 2023[81] Improvements: Expansion of the Site Editor functionality, preview of Block themes, Synced Patterns, Command palette, Style revisions, new blocks.
6.4 Shirley November 7, 2023[82] Improvements: New default theme „Twenty Twenty-Four“, Command palette, categorization of templates, design tools, lightbox for images, rename group blocks, block hooks.
6.5 Regina April 2, 2024[83] Improvements: Font library, revisions for templates and template parts, background image tools, Interactivity API.
6.6 Dorsey July 16, 2024[84] Improvements: Alternative color palettes and font sets, preview in the Site Editor, automatic rollback of faulty plugin updates.
6.7 Rollins November 12, 2024[85] Improvements: New default theme „Twenty Twenty-Five“, resize function, connect blocks and individual fields, typography options.
6.8 Cecil April 15, 2025[86] Improvements: Speculative loading, updated look for the Stylebook, minor editor improvements, stronger password security with bcrypt.
6.9 Gene December 2, 2025[87] Improvements: Edit notes („Notes“), adaptive text sizes, Abilities API
Older version; no longer supported
Older version; still supported
Current version
  

WordPress µ

The project WordPress µ (µ = mu, here as an abbreviation for Multi-user utilized) was created to offer the possibility to, Weblogsmulti-tenant to host and thus set up a weblog service. WordPress µ versions were based on the current WordPress version each and usually appeared shortly after this. The project was also coordinated by Automattic.

Since WordPress 3.0, µ is under the name Multisite a fixed part of the blog software. It is therefore no longer run as a separate project.

BuddyPress

BuddyPress is a plug-in for WordPress (originally only for WordPress µ) that turns the blog system into a small social networktransformed. The current version is 11.0 from January 5, 2023.[88] Some former BuddyPress developers provide a paid successor with extended features under the name BuddyBoss.[89]

WordPress for Mobile Devices

For operating systems of various mobile devices (currently iOS, Android, Windows Phone, BlackBerry OS, Symbian, HP webOS) applications are offered that enable mobile access to WordPress.com blogs and WordPress blogs from version 2.7 onwards. These offer, among other things, the possibility to edit posts locally as well as upload images and videos.[90]

Criticism

DE Edition

The integration of the plugins „LinkLift“, that text links for the purpose of the search engine optimization into the unofficial German version 2.3, triggered discussions among users.[91] In response to this, the plug-in was no longer shipped from October 1, 2007.

For a long time, there were also several language files for WordPress in the German-speaking area: One from WordPress.org and two from WordPress Germany (a „Du“- and a „Sie“-version). Since the language files used the same country code, it led to various problems with the introduction of the automatic update function with WordPress 2.7. With the following version 2.8 and the merging of the German language versions, this was fixed.[92]

Multilingualism

WordPress does not offer native support for multilingual websites. Although plugins offer the possibility to manage multilingual content, these usually refer only to individual postings and not all available elements. Alternatively, it is possible to use the Multisite-function of WordPress from version 3.0 to use and thus create your own blog for each language.[93]

Memory usage

In version 2.8, the memory usage compared to previous versions increased significantly, especially on 64-bit systems.[94]By default, at least 128 MB RAM is required today empirically.

With version 3.2, the code volume was reduced and work on the performance worked.[95]

Programming Interface (API)

Especially in the development of Themes (in WordPress Themes (called) developers criticize the inconsistent API. Thus, redundant or nearly identical functions. Global variables are used and object-oriented with procedural programming mixed.[96]

Gutenberg

With version 5.0 of WordPress, a new editor named Gutenberg was introduced, which was criticized by many members of the community.[97][98] The “Block Editor” Gutenberg replaces the TinyMCE editor previously used by WordPress, which brings problems with themes and plugins (here especially PageBuilder) as long as they have not yet been adapted to the new base. Also, the release and communication policy of the WordPress Foundation was criticized because the release of WordPress 5.0 was postponed multiple times and there were hardly any detailed information about Gutenberg until the release. This has now changed through (unofficial) projects[99][100] changed. TinyMCE remains available as the plugin “Classic Editor” “at least until 2024 or as long as necessary”.[101] If it is installed and activated, it completely replaces the new block editor and restores the old interface for editing posts and pages.[102] When switching between the two editors, however, it should be noted that Gutenberg is not fully backward compatible with the Classic Editor.

Trivia

From version 3.0, WordPress swaps the spelling Wordpress automatically with the official – WordPress – out.[103]

The central governing bodies of the WordPress project are WordPress.org and the WordPress Foundation. While the WordPress Foundation is primarily responsible for managing trademark rights and administrative support, actual control over the project ultimately lies with Matt Mullenweg as an individual. This is due to the fact that WordPress.org and the entire technical infrastructure of the project are operated directly by him.[104]

Security

According to a study by iThemes Media LLC[105] are only responsible for two percent of the WordPress plugins for 99 percent of known security vulnerabilities. In 2022, a total of 1,779 security vulnerabilities were tracked, of which 23 were considered core vulnerabilities and thus accounted for only 1 percent of the total number.[106] Notable is that the remaining 99 percent (1,756) of security vulnerabilities are attributable to plugins and themes. This illustrates the importance of careful selection and management of plugins and themes to minimize potential security risks and ensure the security of WordPress websites.

With version WordPress 6.8, password security was improved through the introduction of bcrypt hashing.[107]

References

Commons: WordPress – collection of images, videos and audio files

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